The Question Concerning The Essence Of “Human Freedom” And Its Location Within The Ontological Structure Constitutes One Of The Most Central And Influential Issues In Both Intellectual And Human History Alike. For Inquiring Into The Nature Of Will—And Whether It Possesses Autonomous Independence Or Is Ordered Within A Greater Cosmic Hierarchy—Is Not Merely An Abstract Philosophical Inquiry Confined To Academic Halls; Rather, It Is The Foundational Building Block Upon Which Moral Visions, Political Systems, Social Concepts, And Civilizational Trajectories Shaping The Form Of Human Life And Coexistence Are Constructed. In Our Contemporary Era, The Concept Of “Freedom” Has Become Almost Synonymous In The Deteriorating Western Intellectual Mindset With The Idea Of “Absolute Individual Autonomy,” A Modernist Notion Which Posits That True Freedom Emanates Primarily From The Individual’s Liberation From Every External Standard And Every Metaphysical Hierarchy Rooted In A Transcendent Existence, A Divine Order, Or A Universal Ontological Law Governing The Cosmos.
In This Complex Intellectual Context Rife With Conceptual Shifts Comes The Book By Researcher Hasan Spiker Published In 2023 By “New Andalus Press” Under The Title: Hierarchy and Freedom: An examination of some classical metaphysical and post-Enlightenment accounts of human autonomy. This Book Offers A Comprehensive Critical And Philosophical Contribution That Poses A Radical Question Running Counter To The Prevailing Current In Modern Western Philosophical Thought: Does Human Freedom Truly Presuppose The Abolition Of “Metaphysical Hierarchy” And The Ontological Order Of Existence, Or Can Authentic, Self-Sufficient Freedom Only Attain Becoming And Realization At The Very Heart Of A Hierarchical Cosmic Model Founded Upon Ontological Differentiation And Ascent?
Through Precise Intellectual Dissection, The Author Hasan Spiker Confronts One Of The Greatest Illusions Inculcated By Post-Enlightenment Philosophical Thought: The Illusion Stating That “Hierarchy” Represents An Inevitable Antagonist And Fierce Adversary To “Freedom.” Spiker Re-Reads Western Intellectual History, Navigating Skillfully Between Plato And Neoplatonism On The One Hand, And Champions Of Modern And Enlightenment Philosophy Such As John Locke, Immanuel Kant, And Contemporary Analytic And Existentialist Philosophical Movements On The Other. In Pursuing This Path, He Does Not Merely Highlight The Conceptual Fragility And Logical Instability Afflicting Late Enlightenment Accounts Of Human Autonomy; Rather, He Offers A Deep And Critical Re-Evaluation Of Classical Ontology, Demonstrating How An Ordered Existential Hierarchy Built Upon Reason And The Highest Good Serves As The Sole Explanatory And Pre-Requisite Condition For Possible And Effective Freedom.
Spiker Begins His Analytical Framework By Untangling The Forced And Historical Disconnection Created By Modern Philosophy Between The Political And Societal Concept Of Hierarchy (Which Is Frequently Linked To Authoritarian Oppression And Despotism) And The “Metaphysical And Ontological” Concept Of Hierarchy. Conflating These Two Meanings Has Led To Two Catastrophic Outcomes At The Levels Of Practice And Thought: The First Is The Reductionist Simplification Of Hierarchy Into Medieval Oppressive Social Practices, And The Second Is The Assumption That Social Liberation From Feudal Or Ecclesiastical Power Structures Must Inevitably Entail The Denial And Abolition Of Any Existential Hierarchical Order Within The Fabric Of The Cosmos And Creation.
From This Starting Point, Spiker Proceeds To Dissect The Logical Structure Of Platonic Hierarchy. Hierarchy In Platonic And Neoplatonic Visions (And Later Within Islamic And Christian Metaphysical Traditions) Is Not A Coercive System Imposing Top-Down Constraints; Rather, It Is An Expression Of The “Scale Of Being” Ordered According To Criteria Of Truth, Reason, And The Highest Good. Existence Under This Conception Is Neither Flat Nor Random; Instead, It Involves Levels Differentiated By Their Share Of Perfection, Illumination, And Ontological Reality.
Building Upon This Hierarchical Ontological Perspective, Human Freedom Is Not Defined As A Bare, Random Capacity To Choose Without Direction Or Standard (What Has Come To Be Known As Negative Liberty Or Random Autonomy); Rather, It Is Defined As The Effective Capacity Of The Human Soul For Upward Ascent Along The Scale Of Being. Freedom In The Classical Platonic Sense Is A “Voluntary Ascent” Toward The Good, A Gradual Liberation From The Grip Of Matter And Dispersion, And A Continuous Approximation Of The Rational And Metaphysical Origin That Bestowed Upon The Soul Its Existence And Capacity For Thought And Contemplation.
Here Spiker Identifies A Philosophical Paradox Of Immense Importance: When The Human Soul Loses Its Hierarchical Map Within Existence And Abandons The Idea Of An Existing “Highest Good” Or Ontological Teleology To Strive Toward, It Ceases To Be Capable Of Exercising True Freedom. Instead, Its Will Morphs Into A Random Response To Emotional Impulses And Endless Desires, Culminating In Real Slavery To Passions And Scattered Sensory Inputs. Severance From Metaphysical Hierarchy Does Not Produce A Free And Autonomous Will As Enlightenment Thinkers Imagined; Rather, It Produces Fragile, Fragmented Selves Entirely Driven By External Influences And Subjective Whims Without A Compass Or Standard.
This Deep Philosophical Preamble Places The Reader On The Threshold Of An Explicit Intellectual Confrontation With The Foundations Of Modern Philosophy, Which Attempted To Reframe Concepts Of Man And Reason Outside Any Comprehensive Metaphysical Framework—An Endeavor To Which Spiker Devotes A Critical Investigative Analysis In Subsequent Chapters, Unveiling The Flaws And Conceptual Impasses Of Modern Rationalism.
Moving Forward In His Analytical Trajectory Within The Book, Researcher Hasan Spiker Deconstructs The Epistemological And Ontological Pillars Relied Upon By Modern Philosophy To Effect This Severe Rupture With Classical Metaphysical Heritage. The Author Pauses With Exceptional Scrutiny At The Foundational Moment Where The Empiricist And Materialist Concept Of Man And Reason Was Formed—A Shift Driven Primarily By English Philosopher John Locke Alongside Numerous Figures Of The Empiricist And Sensationalist Schools Who Redefined The Human Soul And Self-Perception. The Lockean Vision Of The Human Mind As A “Blank Slate” (Tabula Rasa) Receiving Sensory Impressions From The External World Led To Emptying The Human Intellect Of Any Innate Metaphysical Structure Or Inherent Teleological Orientation Toward Absolute Good Or Hierarchical Truth.
Spiker Explains That Empiricist Philosophy, By Reducing Knowledge And Will To Mere Accumulations Of Mechanical And Sensory Reactions Dependent On Pleasure And Pain, Established An Entirely New Perspective On Freedom—A Concept Stripping Man Of His Capacity For Ontological Elevation And Ascent, Imprisoning Him Within All-Encompassing Mechanical And Material Boundaries. If The Ideas, Desires, And Volitional Energy Of The Soul Are Mere Products Of A Chain Of External Influences And Consecutive Material Impressions, Then The Concept Of “Self-Autonomy” Begins To Collapse From Within. For How Can A Self That Depends Entirely In Its Epistemological And Moral Construction On External Sensory Factors Claim To Possess Truly Free And Independent Will?
Here Manifests The Historical Philosophical Dilemma Inherited By Enlightenment Philosophy: How Can One Reconcile A Material World Order Operating Under Strict Deterministic Causal Laws With Moral And Political Demands For A Free, Responsible, And Autonomous Human Being Capable Of Determining Their Own Destiny? German Philosopher Immanuel Kant Attempted To Resolve This Acute Dilemma Through His Massive Theoretical Critical Project, Seeking To Halt Negative Empiricist Creep And Isolate Morality From The Observable Material World, Distinguishing Between The “Phenomenal World” Subject To Strict Determinism And Natural Causality, And The “Noumenal World” In Which Free Will And Independent Moral Duty Are Postulated.
Spiker Delivers A Sharp And Rigorous Critical Reading Of The Kantian Project, Asserting That Kantian Moral Autonomy—Despite Its Seemingly Noble Aims And Quest To Rescue Human Dignity From The Clutches Of Sensory Materialism—Plunged Western Thought Into A Deeper And More Complex Conceptual Isolation. By Banishing Classical Metaphysics And Denying Human Reason The Capacity To Penetrate To The Essence Of Things To Know The “Thing-In-Itself,” Kant Rendered The Human Mind An Isolated Legislator Imposing Its Own Laws Upon An Alien World With Which It Shares Neither Teleology Nor Ontological Hierarchy.
Kantian Freedom, According To Spiker’s Dissection, Becomes A Will Legislating For Itself In A Metaphysical Vacuum. It Is Not Subject To A Highest Good Already Present Within The Structure Of The Cosmos To Guide It; Rather, It Creates Its “Moral Duty” Through Strict Logical Formalism And The Categorical Imperative. In The Author’s View, This Represents A Dangerous Slide Toward Enclosed Subjectivism; Because When Autonomy Detaches From The Ontological Pillar Of Metaphysical Hierarchy, It Gradually Degenerates Into Mere Arbitrary Self-Assertion, Turning The Human Will Into The Sole Source Of Value Rather Than A Response To A Value And Purpose Present At The Very Core Of Being.
The Book Warns That This Kantian Foundation For Autonomy, Despite Trying To Safeguard Free Will, Opened The Door Wide To Modern And Contemporary Transformations That Reduced Freedom To Limitless Liquidity And Implicit Nihilism. For When Reason Was Empty Of Its Illuminationist And Hierarchical Dimension That Guided It Toward Transcendence In Classical Metaphysical Traditions, “Reason” Itself Split Into Two Distinct And Separated Concepts: An Instrumental Calculating Reason Confined To Organizing Material Means And Scattered Ends, And An Aesthetic Or Volitional Emotional Reason Manufacturing Its Values According To Personal Whims And Subjective Preferences Without Any Higher Reference Point.
Spiker Demonstrates How This Conceptual Fragmentation Of Maturity And Rationality Weakened Western Philosophy’s Position Facing Later Atheistic, Existentialist, And Analytic Currents. Contemporary Man, Severed From The Hierarchical Scale Of Being And Viewing The Cosmos As Mute Matter Void Of Meaning And Purpose, Found Himself Confronting A Freedom Emptied Of Ontological Content—A Heavy, Abstract Freedom Transformed Into An Existential Burden Ending In Loss Or Silent Submission To New Patterns Of Social And Consumerist Domination That Substitute Distorted Alternatives For Missing Existential Foundations.
This Critical Trajectory Conducted By Spiker Reaffirms To The Reader That The Crisis Of Freedom In The Modern Era Is Not Merely A Political Or Legal Crisis Guaranteed By Legislation; Rather, It Is Fundamentally An “Ontological And Metaphysical Crisis.” Enlightenment And Post-Enlightenment Thinkers Believed That By Banishing Divine And Metaphysical Hierarchy They Were Restoring Absolute Freedom And Sovereignty To Man, Only To Strip Him Of The Sole Structure Granting Meaning To His Choices, Value To His Will, And The Possibility Of Intellectual Ascent And True Liberation From The Clutches Of Absurdity And Nihilism.
Building Upon This Philosophical Critique Of Enlightenment Pillars, Researcher Hasan Spiker Advances Into The Deepest Part Of His Thesis, Restoring The Fundamental Features Of Classical Ontology, Specifically Through Neoplatonic And Platonic Manifestations Of Existential Hierarchy, Showing How This Model Provides A Cohesive Epistemological Alternative Combining Universal Existential Order With The Full Realization Of Human Freedom. The Classical Vision Does Not View Existence As A Homogeneous Heap Of Matter Nor As A Flat Web Of Mute Mathematical And Physical Relations; Rather, It Perceives It As An Ordered Emanation Descending From “The One” Or “The Highest Good,” Graduating Through Existential Ranks Varying In Nobility, Degree Of Rationality, And Proximity To The Primordial Light.
Within This Hierarchical Metaphysical Space, The “Human Soul” Returns To Occupy A Unique And Pivotal Position. It Is Neither A Mere Natural Being Governed By Material Instincts Nor An Isolated Self Imposing Formal Laws Upon The Void As Kant Envisioned; Rather, It Is An Intermediate Being Combining Within Its Nature The Lower Sensory Material World And The Higher Intelligible World. From This Exceptional Position Of The Soul Emerges The Concept Of “Free Ascent.” Man In The Platonic Perspective Is Not A Slave To His Position In The Cosmic Hierarchy; Rather, He Is The Sole Being Endowed With Volitional Movement Within This Hierarchy. Man Possesses The Potential To Descend Consciousness And Soul Toward The World Of Passions And Scattered Matter, Or To Ascend Toward Ranks Of Pure Intellect And Metaphysical Illumination.
Spiker Explains In A Fluid Analytical Style How This “Voluntary Ascent” Represents The True Core Of Authentic Human Freedom. Ascent Is Not Attained Through Coercive Force Imposed From Without; Rather, It Requires The Conscious And Active Practice Of Virtue And Rationality, Where The Individual Engages In Self-Struggle And Purification Of Knowledge And Will From Illusions And Contradictions Of The Sensory World. Existential Hierarchy Grants This Movement Meaning And Purpose, Providing The “Ladder” The Will Can Climb And Illuminating The Ontological Map Guiding The Soul To Discern Where Truth Resides, Where Deception Hides, And How To Shed Material Evil Constraints To Reach Its Destined Perfection.
Here Spiker Demonstrates A Fundamental Difference Between Two Contradictory Concepts Of Freedom: The Modern Concept That Reduces Freedom To Mere “Random Limitless Choice” Among Alternatives Of Equal Value, And The Classical Concept That Views Freedom As Making The “Right Rational Choice” Directed Toward Good And Perfection. In The Modern Concept, The Ability To Choose Evil Or Misguidance Is Considered Equal To Choosing Good So Long As The Will Exercises Action Without Obstacle—Which Spiker Views As A Dangerous Reductionism Rendering Freedom Meaningless By Equating Movement Toward Perfection With Movement Toward Collapse And Ruin.
In The Classical Hierarchical Perspective, Choosing Evil Or Material Fall Is Not Evidence Of Exercising Freedom; Rather, It Expresses “Deficiency And Inability” In Will And Ignorance In Knowledge. When Man Chooses What Harms Him Or Degrades Himself Toward Scattered Sensory Desires, He Does Not Exercise Freedom; Rather, He Falls Victim To External Influences And Unharmonious Psychological Passions. True Freedom Manifests Only When The Will Is Emancipated From Deep Passions And Material Influences To Respond To Reason And Absolute Good. Freedom By This Measure Is Not The Capacity To Get Lost, But The Capacity To Break Free From Causes Of Loss And Settle Within Rationality And Perfection.
Here The Deconstructive Power Of Spiker’s Thesis Becomes Clear: He Proves That Abolishing Metaphysical Hierarchy In The Name Of Freedom Led Western Individuals Only To Intellectual And Moral Paralysis. When The Existential Scale And Highest Purpose Vanished, All Individual Choices Became Equal And Relative, Leaving Man Living In Acute Fragmentation Unable To Weight Options. Instead Of Serving As A Path To Autonomy, Unbounded Choice Without Standards Transformed Into A Heavy Burden And Perpetual Source Of Anxiety, Nihilism, And Existential Disturbance.
Additionally, Spiker Shows That Classical Traditions Did Not Ignore Individual Importance Or Crush Uniqueness Within Metaphysical Hierarchy As Modern Enlightenment Narratives Claim; Rather, They Granted The Individual Real And Sustainable Dignity. Human Dignity In The Classical Vision Is Not Merely A Legal Right Or Fragile Political Decision Issued By Variable Human Legislation; It Is An Enduring Ontological Fact Rooted In The Inflow Of Intellect And The Soul’s Belonging To The Divine Cosmic Order. Man Is Honored And Respected Because His Soul Forms The Intelligible Counterpart To The Universe And Because He Possesses The Unique Ability To Establish Within Himself The Harmony Present Within Universal Cosmic Order.
This Investigative Analysis Presented By Spiker Reconstructs Classical Metaphysical Visions Not As Historical Museum Artifacts, But As Vital Intellectual Imperatives To Repair Contemporary Epistemological And Moral Blockages. It Calls For Rediscovering The “Scale Of Being” Not As A Restraint Shackling The Will, But As An Horizon Opening Before The Human Soul Possibilities Of Ascent, Elevation, And Liberation From All Forms Of Material And Worldly Dependence, Paving The Way To Examine Political, Social, And Moral Implications Of This Foundational Philosophical Proposal.
Researcher Hasan Spiker Transcends Pure Theoretical Boundaries Of Metaphysical Research And Abstract Philosophical Disputes To Turn With Analytical Elegance Toward Reflections Of This Conceptual Conflict Upon The Crisis Of Reason, Politics, And Morality In The Contemporary World. The Intellectual Crisis Experienced By Modern Society Is Not Merely Conceptual Disagreements Revolving In University Halls; Rather, It Is A Condition Whose Direct Effects Permeate The Finest Details Of Social, Political, And Moral Life For Contemporary Man. The Dominance Of The Enlightenment Model Calling For The Abolition Of All Metaphysical And Higher Moral Hierarchy Led To Outcomes Completely Opposite To What Modern Intellectual Revolution Principles Promised; Instead Of Obtaining Absolute Autonomy And Sovereignty, Man Found Himself Imprisoned Within New Systems Of Relentless Material And Mechanical Domination.
Spiker Clarifies That Deconstructing Classical Ontological Hierarchy—Which Linked Power, Politics, And Morality To The Reference Point Of Reason And Highest Good—Led To A Massive “Value Vacuum” In The Public Sphere. In This Vacuum Resulting From Missing Existential Reference Points, Political And Social Power Ceased To Rest Upon Searching For Truth Or Aligning With A Just Cosmic Order; Instead, It Founded Itself Upon “Will To Power” And Pure Procedural Utilitarianism. When Illuminationist Reason And Metaphysical Teleology Were Banished From Public Affairs, Politics Shifted From Cultivating Virtue And Seeking Harmony Between Man And Cosmic Order Into Mute Technology Managing Conflicts, Controlling Resources, Amplifying Consumption, And Governing Masses Via Propaganda And Psychological And Material Manipulation.
In This Tragic Landscape, Spiker Shows How The Concept Of “Individual Autonomy” Praised By Modern Liberalism Was Completely Appropriated And Distorted By Contemporary Capitalist And Consumer Machinery. The Individual Who Deluded Himself Into Thinking He Became Free And Independent Merely By Severing Ties With Classical Moral And Metaphysical Standards Became A Sitting Target Exposed To Instrumentalist Knowledge Networks And Comprehensive Capitalist And Technological Systems. The Core Nerve Of Contemporary Consumer Culture Rests Precisely Upon Exploiting This Unbound Freedom Vacated Of Meaning, Inundating The Individual With An Endless Torrent Of Artificial Desires And Scattered Sensory Stimuli, Deluding Him That Exercising Freedom Lies In Endless Responses To Desires And Consuming More Goods And Services.
Here Manifests One Of The Most Brilliant And Deep Ideas In Spiker’s Book: Freedom Severed From Metaphysical Hierarchy And Highest Good Does Not Produce A Free Individual; Rather, It Produces A New Kind Of Slave—A Slave Bound By An Endless Chain Of Psychological Passions And Material Desires Manufactured From Without. While Classical Metaphysical Hierarchy Offered The Individual A Solid Shield And Normative Compass Enabling Critique Of Reality And Transcendence Over Pressures Of Environment, Society, And Power, The Modern Self Stripped Itself Entirely Of This Shield, Becoming Easy Prey For Media, Advertising, And Political Control Due To Lacking Higher Independent Standards To Evaluate Validity Or Existential Utility Of What Is Presented.
Furthermore, The Author Addresses The Heavy Psychological And Existential Burden Cast By Enlightenment And Post-Enlightenment Philosophy Upon Modern Man’s Shoulders. Assigning The Task Of Legislating Values And Manufacturing Meaning To The Individual Alone, Without Recourse To A Cosmic Hierarchical Order Or Divine And Metaphysical Guidance, Placed Man In Direct Confrontation With Lethal Existential Anxiety And Feelings Of Isolation And Nihilism. Since Man Is A Finite Being Whose Cognitive And Emotional Capacities Are Variable And Fallible, Burdening Him With Creating Meaning To Fashion His Own Cosmos And Derive Life Meaning From Nothingness Led To Widespread Psychological Disorders, Fragmentation, And Feelings Of Loss And Absurdity Characterizing Modern And Contemporary Societies.
Spiker Offers A Critical Reading Of Contemporary Handling Of These Psychological And Social Crises, Observing That Modern Systems, Rather Than Admitting Radical Ontological Flaws In Conceptual Structures And Troubled Concepts Of Freedom, Resort To “Medicalizing” Problems Through Therapeutic And Pharmaceutical Methods Seeking Adaptation To Troubled Situations Rather Than Repairing Them. Systems Attempt To Treat Surface Symptoms Of Anxiety And Nihilism Via Individual Technical Solutions While Refusing Return To The Root Cause: Man’s Disconnection From Metaphysical Origins And Hierarchical Systems Granting Tranquility, Stability, And Real Fulfillment To Spiritual And Intellectual Longings.
This Political, Moral, And Psychological Diagnosis Delivered By Spiker Reaffirms The Core Message Of The Book: Rescuing Modern Man And Restoring Dignity And Effective Freedom Cannot Be Achieved Through Repeated Persistence In Replicating Enlightenment Illusions And Abstract Self-Autonomy; Rather, It Courageously Demands Rebuilding Bridges With Classical Metaphysics And Leveraging Hierarchical Models Consistent With Cosmic Structure To Grant Intellect And Soul Their Authentic Positions In Self-Governance And Societal Guidance.
The Intellectual Canvas Woven By Researcher Hasan Spiker Culminates Upon Reaching The Most Critical Focus Point Of The Thesis: Re-Formulating And Styling Relations Between Classical Metaphysics And Future Prospects For Rescuing The Concept Of “Freedom” From Impasses And Blockages Introduced By Post-Enlightenment Philosophical Movements. Spiker Does Not Aim Ultimately To Present Historical Readings Or Nostalgic Recalls Of Classical Metaphysical Pasts As Closed Antiquities In Old Book Pages; Rather, He Strives With High Methodological Skill To Assert That Hierarchical Ontological Models Are Inevitable Existential And Rational Imperatives To Confront Major Challenges Surrounding Contemporary Human Existence That Threaten Its Core Cohesion.
The Thesis Reaches Its Zenith By Demonstrating That Restoring Metaphysical Hierarchy Does Not Necessarily Entail Forfeiting Legal Or Political Gains Achieved By Modern Society In Civil Liberties And Social Dignity Guarantees; Rather, It Represents The Sole Sustainable Epistemological And Ontological Foundation For These Gains. The Fundamental Problem In Enlightenment Thought Was Not Pursuing Desires For Justice Or Lifting Tyranny From Human Will; Rather, It Lay In The Erroneous And Troubled Assumption That Realizing These Noble Ends Necessarily Required Destroying Higher Reference Points, Uprooting Man From Metaphysical Cosmic Roots, And Transforming Him Into An Absolute Subjective Entity Legislating Rules And Values From Total Emptiness.
Spiker Delivers Deep Foresight Into What “Rational Autonomy” Could Become If Re-Planted Within Its Natural Metaphysical Environment. Man Who Recognizes Existential Hierarchy And The Existence Of A Highest Good And Universal Intellect Governing Cosmic Order Does Not Lose Freedom When Submitting To This Order; Rather, This Submission Represents The Exercise Of Freedom In Its Highest Forms And Noblest Manifestations. This Conscious And Rational Submission To Divine And Cosmic Hierarchical Order Liberates The Self From Tyrannical Subjection To Subjective Whims, Transient Emotional Impulses, And Pressures Of Changing Material And Social Forces. It Is Freedom Meaning Liberation From The Lower To Respond To The Higher, Breaking Free From Material Constraints To Launch Toward Horizons Of Intellect, Illumination, And Metaphysical Light.
From This Standpoint, The Book Opens New Horizons For Dialogue And Conceptual Debate Between Islamic And Classical Metaphysics And Contemporary Western Philosophy. Spiker Clarifies How Major Metaphysical Traditions—Led By Islamic Visions And Neoplatonic Traditions—Possess Tremendous Intellectual Assets Capable Of Correcting Trajectories Of Western Moral And Political Philosophy. Islam, For Example, Offers An Integrated Model Of Existential Hierarchy Linking Absolute Unity To Ordered Creation, Defining True Human Freedom Through The Concept Of “Servanthood To God” (‘Ubudiyyah)—A Servanthood Representing Real And Ultimate Liberation From All Forms Of Servitude To Created Beings, Matter, And Scattered Illusions Of The Self.
This Integrative And Deconstructive Reading Undertaken By Spiker Reveals That Freedom In Authentic Metaphysical Perspectives Is Not Merely A Negative Right Claimed By An Individual To Do As They Please Without Disturbance From Others; Rather, It Is An “Existential Commitment” And Pathway Of Spiritual And Intellectual Ascent Requiring Continuous Effort And Deep Moral And Psychological Cultivation. It Is A Continuous Elevation Process Where The Soul Strives To Align Its Personal Will With Rational Will And The Highest Good, Transforming Free Action From Mere Transient Impulse Into Mature, Balanced Movement Radiating Virtue And Societal And Cosmic Harmony.
